DOI: 10.18503/1995-2732-2021-19-2-5-13
Abstract
Relevance and purpose of the study. Extraction of kimberlite ores should be carried out with the maximum preservation of the natural quality of mineral raw materials. The cost of crystals contained in the ore depends primarily on the size of individual diamonds and their defectiveness. It is possible to increase the safety of the extracted crystal raw materials by abandoning explosive loosening and switching to a mechanical method of ore extraction, including its preliminary physicochemical softening. At the same time, the greatest effect from such mechanical extraction is achieved when mining high-value ores. Currently, in connection with the development of mining equipment, a main part of the kimberlite massif can be mined using mechanical means of extraction of a cyclic or continuous action. Objective. The research is aimed at providing a scientific rationale for the improved crystal-saving technology of field development based on a flexible combination of technological processes of preparation for mining with the differentiation of kimberlite ores by a set of indicators, taking into account their value and strength parameters. Result. The paper proposes a technology for the development of complex structure diamond ore deposits with the use of selective preparation of kimberlites for excavation and the actual excavation. Initially, by drilling a network of wells and interval sampling of the mineral mass, sections of the ore massif are differentiated into zones, followed by local thickening of the network of wells in the zone of high-value ores. When individual intervals of ores of an anomalously high value are identified, they are extracted by drilling out a large diameter core with further processing of ores using improved methods. High-value ore zones are prepared for extraction by a mechanical method by softening due to the impregnation of the massif with an active liquid-gas mixture produced by electrochemical processing of the natural brine followed by the extraction of weakened ores with a single-bucket excavator. Zones of common value ores and a zone of ores of a low value and low strength are mined using a layer-by-layer milling machine, which makes it possible to obtain small lump or medium lump ore mass, followed by selective mining of loosened ore by loaders. The zone of ores of a low value and relatively high strength is prepared for extraction by means of blast-injection preparation using shaped charges of a special design. This zone is delineated by means of a buffer layer formed by drilling technological wells and impregnating the massif through them to reduce the negative effect of the explosion on adjacent ore zones. The exploded ore mass is removed from the heap by loaders.
Keywords
Complex structure deposits, crystal raw materials, ore differentiation, softening, mechanical excavation, excavator, loader.
For citation
Sekisov A.G., Cheban A.Yu. Crystal-Saving Technology of Open Mining of Complex Structure Kimberlite Deposits. Vestnik Magnitogorskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta im. G.I. Nosova [Vestnik of Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University]. 2021, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 5–13. https://doi.org/10.18503/1995-2732-2021-19-2-5-13
1. Trubetskoy K.N., Kaplunov D.R., Viktorov S.D., Rylnikova M.V., Radchenko D.N. Scientific rationale of technologies for comprehensive resource-saving exploitation of strategic mineral resources. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten [Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin], 2014, no. 12, pp. 5–12. (In Russ.)
2. Trubetskoy K.N., Shapar A.G. Malootkhodnye i resursosberegayushchie tekhnologii pri otkrytoy razrabotke mestorozhdeniy [Low-waste and resource-saving technologies in open-pit mining]. Moscow: Nedra, 1993, 272 p. (In Russ.)
3. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po primeneniyu klassifikatsii zapasov mestorozhdeniy i prognoznykh resursov tverdykh poleznykh iskopaemykh. Almazy. [Methodological recommendations for the application of the Classification of reserves of deposits and predicted resources of solid minerals. Diamonds]. Moscow: MPR, 2007, 37 p. (In Russ.)
4. Vlasov V.M., Androsov A.D., Beskrovanov V.V. The level of modern crystal-saving technologies for diamond mining in the North. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten [Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin], 2001, no. 8, pp. 5–6. (In Russ.)
5. Chaadaev A.S., Zyryanov I.V., Bondarenko I.F. The state and prospects of the development of mineral processing technologies at diamond mines of JSC ALROSA (PJSC). Gornaya promyshlennost [Mining Industry], 2017, no. 2, pp. 6–13. (In Russ.)
6. Anistratov Yu.I., Borshch-Komponiets L.V., Anistratov K.Yu. Efficiency of opencast development of deposits in natural and technological zones. Gornyi zhurnal [Mining Journal], 1990, no. 8, pp. 19–24. (In Russ.)
7. Cheban A.Yu. Method and equipment for opencast mining of small steeply dipping deposits. Vestnik Magnitogorskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta im. G.I. Nosova [Vestnik of Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University], 2017, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 18–23. (In Russ.)
8. Rylnikova M.V., Shvabenland E.E. Features of ore mass quality management in the open mining of complex structure apatite ore deposits by surface miners. Ratsionalnoe osvoenie nedr [Mineral Mining and Conservation], 2019, no. 2–3, pp. 80–86. (In Russ.)
9. Palei S., Karmakar N., Paliwal P., Schimm B. Optimization of productivity with surface miner using conveyor loading and truck dispatch system. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 2013, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 393–396.
10. Ermakov S.A., Burakov A.M. Improvement of geo-technologies of surface mining the deposits of permfrost zone. Problemy nedropolzovaniya [Problems of Subsurface Use], 2014, no. 3, pp. 96–104. (In Russ.)
11. Laubscher D., Guest A., Jakubec J. Guidelines on Caving Mining Methods: The Underlying Concepts. - Queensland: The University of Queensland, 2017. 282 p.
12. Pikhler M., Dikk F., Pankevich Yu.B. Wirtgen surface miners are mining diamonds in Alaska. Gornaya promyshlennost [Mining Industry], 2009, no. 4, pp. 14–15. (In Russ.)
13. Montyanova A.N. On the issue of automation of the technology of stowing operations during the combine breaking of ore from primary diamond deposits. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten [Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin], 2010, no. 2, pp. 343–353. (In Russ.)
14. Yakovlev V.L., Tarasov P.I., Furin V.O., Zyryanov I.V. Uglubochnyi kompleks dlya dorabotki kimberlitovykh karerov [A deep complex for the completion of kimberlite quarries]. Yekaterinburg: UB RAS, 2015, 268 p. (In Russ.)
15. Shobolova L.P., Kovorova V.V. On the creation of a combined technology for the development of kimberlites with the use of liquid and gaseous surfactants. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten [Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin], 2000, no. 1, pp. 178–179. (In Russ.)
16. Androsov A.D., Vlasov V.M., Alkov S.P., Akishev A.N. Sposob razrabotki kimberlitovykh trubok [Method of development of kimberlite pipes]. Patent RF, no. 2158827, 2000.
17. Rasskazov I.Yu., Sekisov G.V., Sekisov A.G., Cheban A.Yu., Khrunina N.P. Sposob razrabotki rudnykh mestorozhdeniy almazov s primeneniem selektivnoy podgotovki gornykh porod k vyemke [Method of development of diamond ore deposits with the use of selective preparation of rocks for excavation]. Patent RF, no. 2664283, 2018.
18. Sekisov A.G., Lavrov A.Yu., Shevchenko Yu.S., Manzyrev D.V. Geotechnology of extracting dispersed and "thin" gold from industrial minerals of Zabaikalsky Krai. Vestnik Zabaykalskogo universiteta [Vestnik of Transbaikal University], 2012, no. 1, pp. 34–41. (In Russ.)
19. Egorov D.G. Advantages of drilling out cylindrical products from stone in quarries and methods of separating them from the rock mass. Zapiski gornogo instituta [Journal of Mining Institute], 2006, vol. 167, pp. 10–12. (In Russ.)
20. Budko A.V., Zakalinsky V.M., Rubtsov S.K., Blinov A.A. Sovershenstvovanie skvazhinnoy otboyki [Improvement of borehole drilling]. Moscow: Nedra, 1981, 199 p. (In Russ.)